Multimode optical fiber, mode delay adjuster for fiber systems, and methods to use such fibers, adjusters, and systems

ABSTRACT

An apparatus includes a multi-mode optical fiber having a selected plurality of optical propagating modes. The selected plurality may include only a proper subset of or may include all of the optical propagating modes of the multi-mode optical fiber. Each optical propagating mode of the selected plurality has a group velocity that varies over a corresponding range for light in, at least, one of the optical telecommunications C-band, the optical telecommunications L-band, and the optical telecommunications S-band. The ranges corresponding to different ones of the modes of the selected plurality are non-overlapping. The ranges of a group velocity-adjacent pair of the ranges are separated by a nonzero gap of less than about 10,000 meters per second.

This application claims the benefit of U.S. provisional application No.61/634,784, which was filed on Mar. 5, 2012.

BACKGROUND Technical Field

The inventions relate to multimode optical fibers, devices useable withor including multimode optical fibers, and methods to use such fibersand devices.

Discussion of the Related Art

This section introduces aspects that may be helpful to facilitating abetter understanding of the inventions. Accordingly, the statements ofthis section are to be read in this light and are not to be understoodas admissions about what is prior art or what is not prior art.

Multimode optical fibers have been known for a long time. Herein, amultimode optical fiber is an optical fiber that has two or more opticalpropagating modes at a single wavelength where two of the opticalpropagating modes have different group velocities. In a radiallysymmetric multimode optical fiber, optical propagating modes withdifferent radial, light-intensity profiles typically have differentgroup velocities. But, some values of the group velocity may beassociated with multiple optical propagating modes in such a multimodeoptical fiber. For example, an axially symmetric multimode optical fibermay have a set of optical propagating modes with the same radial lightintensity profile and orthogonal polarization distributions and/orangular momenta of opposite sign. The different modes of such a set mayhave the same group velocity in the axially symmetric multimode opticalfiber.

In recent years, some research has targeted the use of multimode opticalfiber to optically transmit a higher data rate than a single modeoptical fiber. In particular, in a multimode optical fiber, differentoptical propagating modes may carry different data streams. For example,the use of different optical propagating modes to carry different datastreams may enable an increase of the data rate per wavelength channelover the data rate in many single mode optical fibers.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF SOME EMBODIMENTS

In some embodiments, a first apparatus includes a multi-mode opticalfiber having a selected plurality of optical propagating modes. Theselected plurality may be a proper subset of the optical propagatingmodes of the multi-mode optical fiber or may be all of the opticalpropagating modes of the multi-mode optical fiber. Each opticalpropagating mode of the selected plurality has a group velocity thatvaries over a corresponding range for light in, at least, one of theoptical telecommunications C-band, the optical telecommunicationsL-band, and the optical telecommunications S-band. The rangescorresponding to different ones of the modes of the selected pluralityare non-overlapping. The ranges of a group velocity-adjacent pair of theranges are separated by a nonzero gap of less than about 10,000 metersper second.

In some embodiments of the first apparatus, the gap may be larger thanor equal to about 500 meters per second and/or may be less than or equalto about 5,000 meters per second. In some such embodiments, the gap maybe less than or equal to about 2,500 meters per second.

In any of the above embodiments of the first apparatus, the opticalfiber may be a silica glass optical fiber.

In any of the above embodiments of the first apparatus, the opticalfiber may have an optical core with a graded optical refractive index.

In any of the above embodiments of the first apparatus, the opticalfiber may be a depressed-index cladding type of optical fiber.

In any of the above embodiments of the first apparatus, the selectedplurality may include, at least, three of the optical propagating modes.In some such embodiments, group velocity-adjacent pairs of the rangescorresponding to the three of the modes are separated by gaps that arelarger than or equal to about 500 meters per second and/or are less thanor equal to about 5,000 meters per second. In some such embodiments, theoptical fiber may be a depressed-index cladding type of optical fiber.

In some embodiments, a second apparatus includes a 1×M optical modedemultiplexer, a M×1 optical mode multiplexer, and M optical waveguides.The 1×M optical mode demultiplexer is configured to mode-selectivelyroute light received from each optical propagating mode of a first setthereof in a multimode optical fiber from an optical input of theoptical mode demultiplexer to a corresponding one of M optical outputsof the optical mode demultiplexer. The M×1 optical mode multiplexer isconfigured to mode-selectively route light to each optical propagatingmode of a second set thereof in a second multimode optical fiber to anoptical output of the optical mode multiplexer from a corresponding oneof M optical inputs of the optical mode multiplexer. Each of the Moptical waveguides optically connects one of the M optical outputs ofthe optical mode demultiplexer to a corresponding one of the M opticalinputs of the optical mode multiplexer.

In some embodiments of the second apparatus, different ones of the Moptical waveguides may have different optical path lengths.

In any of the above embodiments of the second apparatus, the M opticalwaveguides may be single-mode optical waveguides.

In any of the above embodiments of the second apparatus, the opticalwaveguides may be configured to, at least, partially compensate relativegroup delays produced by carrying light signals over a segment of thefirst multimode optical fiber via different ones of the opticalpropagating modes therein.

In any of the above embodiments of the second apparatus, some of the Moptical waveguides may be configured to provide dispersion compensation.

In some embodiments, a third apparatus includes a series of spans ofmultimode optical fiber and a plurality of differential group delaycompensators. Each compensator end-connects adjacent ends of acorresponding pair of the spans of multimode optical fiber such that thespans and the compensators form a segment of a multimode optical link.Each differential group delay compensator is configured to compensatefor relative temporal delays caused by carrying data on different onesof the optical propagating modes of one of the spans of multimodeoptical fibers of the pair corresponding to the each differential groupdelay compensator.

In some embodiments of the third apparatus, each span of multimodeoptical fiber may be such that each optical propagating mode of aselected plurality therein has a group velocity whose value varies overa corresponding range for light in one of the optical telecommunicationsC-band, L-band, and S-band. The ranges corresponding to groupvelocity-adjacent ones of the ranges are separated by nonzero gaps. Someor all of the gaps are less than or equal to about 10,000 meters persecond.

In any of the above embodiments of the third apparatus, some or all ofthe gaps may be less than or equal to about 5,000 meters per secondand/or greater than or equal to about 500 meters per second.

In any of the above embodiments of the third apparatus, one of thedifferential group delay compensators may include a 1×M opticaldemultiplexer for optical propagating modes of a multimode opticalfiber, a M×1 optical mode multiplexer for optical propagating modes of amultimode optical fiber, and M optical waveguides. Each of the M opticalwaveguides optically connects one of the M optical outputs of theoptical mode demultiplexer to a corresponding one of the M opticalinputs of the optical mode multiplexer. In such embodiments of the thirdapparatus, different ones of the optical waveguides may have differentoptical path lengths.

In some embodiments, a method includes for each wavelength channel of asequence, mode-multiplexing light of N separate data-modulated opticalcarriers onto N corresponding optical propagating modes of a multi-modeoptical fiber or mode-demultiplexing light from the N modes to Ncorresponding separate data-modulated optical carriers. Here, largestand smallest center wavelengths of the wavelength channels of thesequence define an interval spanning at least, one of the opticaltelecommunications C-band, the optical telecommunications L-band, andthe optical telecommunications S-band. Each mode has a group velocitywhose limit values over the interval define a mode-band. Groupvelocity-neighboring pairs of the mode-bands are non-overlapping andseparated by a nonzero gap of less than about 10,000 meters per second.

In any of the above embodiments of a method, some or all of the gapsbetween group velocity-neighboring pairs of the modes may be less thanor equal to about 5,000 meters per second and/or greater than or equalto about 500 meters per second.

In some embodiments of the above method, the method may further includeoptically compensating the light to remove differential mode delayproduced by propagating of the light through the multi-mode opticalfiber.

In some embodiments of the above method, the interval may span, atleast, at least, the optical telecommunications C and L bands or spans,at least, the optical telecommunications C and S bands.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 illustrates a cross-sectional view of a multimode optical fiber(MMF);

FIGS. 2A-2C illustrate radial profiles of the optical refractive indexin various examples of MMFs, e.g., MMFs according to FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 schematically illustrates group velocities of optical propagatingmodes of some examples of MMFs, e.g., according to one or more of FIGS.1, 2A, 2B, and/or 2C;

FIG. 4 schematically illustrates an optical communication system thatuses multiple optical propagating modes, e.g., in MMF(s) illustrated byone or more of FIGS. 1, 2A, 2B, 2C, and 3;

FIG. 5 schematically illustrates a device for adjusting the group delaybetween different optical propagating modes, e.g., in the system of FIG.4; and

FIG. 6 illustrates a method of operating a segment of an opticalcommunication system, e.g., a segment of the system illustrated in FIG.4.

In the Figures and text like reference numbers refer to functionallyand/or structurally similar elements.

In the Figures, the relative dimensions of some features may beexaggerated to more clearly illustrate apparatus therein.

Herein, various embodiments are described more fully by the Figures andthe Detailed Description of Illustrative Embodiments. Nevertheless, theinventions may be embodied in various forms and are not limited to thespecific embodiments described in the Figures and the DetailedDescription of the Illustrative Embodiments.

DESCRIPTION OF THE ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS

Herein, optical telecommunications C, L, and S-Bands are conventionallydefined wavelength bands for wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM)optical communications. The optical telecommunications C-band typicallyrefers to a band from about 1530 nanometers to 1565 about nanometers.The optical telecommunications L-band typically refers to a band fromabout 1565 nanometers to about 1625 nanometers. The opticaltelecommunications S-band typically refers to a band from about 1460nanometers to about 1530 nanometers

FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a multimode optical fiber (MMF) 10,e.g., an axially symmetric MMF of silica glass. The MMF 10 includes anoptical core 12, e.g., of doped or undoped silica glass, and anadjacent, surrounding, and in contact optical cladding 14, e.g., ofdifferently doped or undoped silica glass. The optical core 12 has ahigher optical refractive index than the optical cladding 14. Theoptical core 12 and/or the optical cladding 14 may have opticalrefractive index(es) that change(s) with radial distance from the axis16 of the optical fiber 10.

FIGS. 2A-2C schematically illustrate radial profiles of the opticalrefractive index, i.e., profiles perpendicular to the MMFs' axes, forvarious examples of MMFs, e.g., the MMF of FIG. 1.

FIG. 2A illustrates, by a curve 20, an example for a radial profile ofthe optical refractive index in a simple step profile MMF. In the simplestep profile MMF, the optical refractive index has a first constantvalue, c, in the optical core and has a second lower constant value, d,in the optical cladding. That is, the refractive index has values thatdo not vary with distance “r” from the MMF's axis inside the core andthe cladding, respectively. In such an MMF, the optical core may be,e.g., wider than the optical core of a single mode optical fiber of thesame core and cladding compositions to support multiple opticalpropagating modes with different group velocities at a given wavelengthof the propagating light.

FIG. 2C schematically illustrates, by a curve 26, an example for aradial profile of the optical refractive index in a complex step profileMMF. In the complex step profile MMF, the optical refractive index mayhave a first constant value, c, in the optical core, and have a value inthe optical cladding that varies with distance “r” from the MMF's axis.In the optical cladding, the optical refractive index has, e.g., a firstconstant value, b, in an annular cladding region next to the opticalcore, and has, e.g., a different higher constant value, d, outside ofthe annular cladding region next to the optical core. Furthermore, thevarious values c, b, and d of the optical refractive index obey thefollowing relations: c>b, c>d, and d>b. Since the annular claddingregion that abuts the optical core has a lower value b for the opticalrefractive index than more distant regions of the optical cladding, suchan MMF will be referred to as a depressed-index cladding MMF.

In the depressed-index cladding MMF, the optical core and the opticalcladding have sizes and optical refractive indexes that are selected tosupport optical propagating modes with different group velocities at agiven wavelength of the propagating light.

FIG. 2B schematically illustrates by dashed and solid curves 22, 24 twoexamples of radial profiles for the optical refractive index ofdifferent graded-index MMFs. In the graded-index MMFs, the opticalrefractive index has a value that varies with distance “r” from the axisof the optical core. The optical refractive index is larger in theoptical core than in the surrounding annular region of the opticalcladding and may be larger in the optical core than in any part of theoptical cladding (e.g., as illustrated in the curves 22, 24).

In such graded-index MMFs, radial profiles of the optical refractiveindex may be selected to support optical propagating modes withdifferent group velocities at a given wavelength of the propagatinglight. Indeed, different radial profiles of the optical refractive indexmay be available to support embodiments of MMFs as schematicallyillustrated. For example, the profile may have a quadratic or parabolicdependency on distance “r” from the MMF's axis, e.g., as schematicallyillustrated in the curve 24. Alternately, the index profile of the coremay have another “r” dependency, as schematically illustrated in thecurve 22, wherein the index profile interpolates between the quadraticor parabolic core profile of the curve 24 and the constant core profileas illustrated of the curve 20 in FIGS. 2A and 2B. Such an interpolatingcore index profile may produce an MMF that supports a set of opticalpropagating modes with different group velocities at a given wavelengthof the propagating light.

FIG. 3 schematically illustrates, by spectral curves 30, 32, 34, groupvelocities of exemplary sets of optical propagating modes A, B, and Cfor some embodiments of MMFs, e.g., as illustrated in FIG. 1. Thecorresponding MMF may have an optical refractive index profile that issymmetric about the axis of the MMF, e.g., as in FIGS. 2A, 2B, and/or2C. The A modes have group velocities distributed on the spectral curve30, e.g., about evenly distributed, the B modes have group velocitiesdistributed on the spectral curve 32, e.g., about evenly distributed,and the C modes have group velocities distributed on the spectral curve34, e.g., about evenly distributed. For each individual spectral curve30, 32, 34, the corresponding set of optical propagating modes typicallyhas a common or substantially similar radial, light-intensity profilefor which the group velocity lies in a corresponding band or range. Ineach such band or range, the common group velocity of the one or moreoptical propagating modes thereof change(s) with the wavelength of thepropagating light. Over each such band or range, the change of thecommon group velocity of the set is preferably and/or typicallymonotonic with wavelength and even, may be approximately linear with thewavelength as schematically illustrated in the spectral curves 30, 32,34. Different ones of the mode-bands or ranges of group velocities,e.g., the mode-bands of modes A-C, are non-overlapping in values of thegroup velocity over a large wavelength region, e.g., over, at least,about the entire optical communications C-band, about the entire opticalcommunications L-band, or about the entire optical communications Sband. Indeed, the wavelength interval for which the mode-bands or rangesare non-overlapping may even include about the entire opticalcommunications C and L bands, about the entire optical communications Cand S bands, or about the entire optical communications C, L, and Sbands. In particular, ones of the mode-bands or ranges, which areneighboring in group velocity ranges, are separated by nonzero gaps,e.g., the gaps 1 and 2 in the values of the group velocity, for light ina large selected wavelength range.

Such example gaps between adjacent ones of the bands, e.g., the gaps 1and 2, are nonzero and are often relatively small. In the presence ofsuch nonzero gaps, the optical propagating modes of two groupvelocity-neighboring mode-bands will have differing group velocitiesover the entire optical communication range of wavelengths, e.g., aboutthe entire C-band; about the entire L-band, about the entire S-band;about the entire combination of the L and C bands; about the entirecombination of the S and C bands; or about the entire combination of theS, L, and C bands. Due to the differing group velocities of the opticalpropagating modes of such neighboring bands, inter-mode opticalcrosstalk and/or inter-mode nonlinear optical effects typically shouldtend to be significantly averaged out as light signals propagate alongthe length of a transmission span of MMF. Such temporal averagingtypically should reduce distortions caused by undesirable inter-modeoptical interactions during propagation, i.e., if data is carried atdifferent velocities in such adjacent bands over the entire used,wavelength range for such optical communications.

Such temporal averaging during propagation in the MMF will however,typically leave some residual inter-mode crosstalk in a receiveddata-modulated optical carrier. For that reason, an optical receiver maybe configured to perform further processing that reduces the amount ofinter-mode optical crosstalk, e.g., in the received data-modulatedoptical carrier. Such further processing may include passing thereceived data-modulated optical carrier or a coherently down-mixedoptical or electrical signal there from through an optical and/orelectrical equalizer. The equalizer(s) will mix the receiveddata-modulated optical carrier or the optically or down-mixed electricalor optical signal there from with relatively temporally delayed portionsof the same optical carrier or electrically or optically down-mixedsignal there from. To perform such mixing, the equalizer(s) willtypically store the portions of the optical carrier or the electricallyor optically down-mixed signal there from over a temporal periodcomparable in size to the relative delay between portions ofdata-modulated optical carriers that cause substantial inter-modeoptical crosstalk during optical propagation in the MMF. For thisreason, it is typically advantageous to ensure that the relativetemporal delay between such cross-talking portions of the data-modulatedoptical carrier of different optical propagating modes not become toolarge.

As an example, a wavelength-division multiplexed (WDM) system, in whichthe example per-mode data rate is about 100 giga bits per second (Gb/s),might have an example optical channel spacing of about 50 giga Hertz,i.e., about 0.4 nm for the optical communications C-band light with awavelength of about 1,550 nm. Such a WDM system may use opticaltransmission fibers in which the dispersion is, e.g., about 17pico-seconds per nanometer per kilometer (ps/(nm-km)). For such a WDMsystem, substantial inter-mode cross-talk might occur between a givenoptical wavelength channel and about 4 nearby optical wavelengthchannels over an optical fiber span with a conventional length of, e.g.,70-120 kilometers. That is, such inter-mode cross-talk may besubstantial between the optical wavelength channel and about four of thewavelength channels that are nearest in wavelength for one side or bothsides of the given wavelength channel, e.g., 4 longer and wavelengthchannels, 4 shorter wavelength channels, or 2 longer wavelength channelsand 2 shorter wavelength channels. Thus, to substantially reduce oreliminate inter-mode optical cross-talk produced in the given channel byone MMF span of such an example, it may be desirable that a groupvelocity of two optical propagating modes differ by, at least, thedifference in group velocity between an optical wavelength channel andits fourth nearest neighbor optical wavelength channel. Thus, the gapbetween the inverse of the group velocity between adjacent bands ofoptical propagating modes should be, at least, about equal to theinverse of 4×0.4 nm×17 ps/(nm-km). Since the magnitude of the gap ingroup velocities of adjacent bands is the size of the gap in the inverseof the group velocities of said bands times the square of an averagegroup velocity at the gap, the gap in group velocity itself for suchadjacent bands is about 1,200 meters/second if the effective refractiveindex of the MMF is about 1.45.

In various MMFs, such gaps in group velocities between adjacentmode-bands may have somewhat different values without eliminatingdesired properties of the MMFs, e.g., the averaging of inter-modeinteractions without the production of inconveniently large accumulatedgroup delays between crosstalking optical propagating modes. For thatreason, in various WDM systems, the inter-mode gaps in group velocities,as schematically illustrated in FIG. 3, e.g., gaps 1 and 2, may havevalues of 10,000 meters per second or less, preferably have values of5,000 meters per second or less, and may have values of 2,500 meters persecond or less. To maintain adequate averaging of undesired inter-modeinteractions over a typical span, such gaps in group velocity betweenadjacent mode-bands would typically be, at least, at large as about 500meters per second.

The inventors believe that an MMF, whose spectral characteristicsqualitatively correspond to those illustrated in FIG. 3, may befabricated in different ways. For example, the inventors believe that agraded-index core MMF, e.g., as illustrated in FIG. 2B, or adepressed-index cladding MMF, e.g., as illustrated in FIG. 2C, can befabricated to have optical characteristics as schematically illustratedin FIG. 3.

To further describe a design of a suitable graded index-core type ofoptical fiber, the inventors describe herein some properties ofconventional MMFs. A conventional step-index MMF with a few differentoptical propagating modes, e.g., an MMF whose optical refractive indexprofile is illustrated in FIG. 2A, will typically have a large gapbetween adjacent mode-bands, i.e., mode-band(s) at nearby values ofgroup velocities. That is, in such an MMF, the gaps 1 and 2 of FIG. 3would typically be much larger than desired so that using such an MMFwould usually also require use of an equalizer with a large temporalbuffer in an optical receiver. In contrast, a quadratic graded-indexcore type of MMF, e.g., an MMF whose optical refractive index profile 24is illustrated in FIG. 2B, would typically have modal bands that overlapstrongly in group velocity, e.g., over a wavelength range of the size ofthe optical communication C-band. Thus, the optical refractive indexprofiles of the curve 20 and the curve 24, respectively, of FIG. 2Bwould be expected to produce MMFs in which the gaps 1 and 2 betweenadjacent mode bands of FIG. 3 are too large and too small, respectively.Since such gaps will smoothly change, in size, as the optical refractiveindex profile of an MMF is gradually changed, a smooth interpolation ofthe optical refractive index profile of an MFF between that of the curve24 and that of the curve 20 in FIG. 2A will typically pass through aoptical refractive index profile for which the sizes of gaps 1 and 2between bands of group velocity-adjacent optical propagating modes arepositive and are not unacceptably large over the entire opticalcommunications C-band, possibly the entire optical communications C andL bands, or even possibly the entire optical communications C, L, and Sbands.

In light of the above disclosure, the inventors believe that adepressed-index cladding type of MMF, e.g., having an optical refractiveindex profile as in FIG. 2C, can also be designed to have a spectrum ofbands of different optical propagating modes as schematicallyillustrated in FIG. 3. Indeed, a suitable form for such an MMF couldprobably be found by interpolating the optical refractive index profileaway from that of the step-index type of MMF of FIG. 2A, which typicallyproduces a distribution of bands of optical propagating modes for whichinter-band gaps are too large.

Based on the above disclosure, a person of ordinary skill in the opticalfiber arts would be able to easily design other radial, opticalrefractive index profiles for MMFs having distributions of groupvelocities as schematically illustrated in FIG. 3. For example, somesuch other MMFs might have radially graded refractive-index profilesand/or depressed-index cladding profiles. Nevertheless, MMFs havingoptical transmission characteristics as schematically illustrated inFIG. 3 are believed to be broader than these types of optical refractiveindex profiles.

FIG. 4 illustrates an optical communication system 40 that includes anoptical transmitter 42, an optical receiver 44, and a sequence of N MMFspans 46 ₁, 46 ₂, . . . , 46 _(N) optically end-coupling the opticaltransmitter 42 to the optical receiver 44. Some or all of the MFF spans46 ₁-46 _(N) may end-connect to a corresponding differential group delaycompensator (DGDC) 48 ₁, 48 ₂, . . . , 48 _(N).

The optical transmitter 42 transmits, e.g., in parallel, a plurality ofdata-modulated optical carriers to the first end of the sequence of MMFspans 46 ₁-46 _(N). In some embodiments, the optical transmitter 42 mayinclude an optical mode-multiplexer that enables the transmission ofdifferently data-modulated optical carriers to and/or via different onesof the optical propagating modes of the MMF spans 46 ₁-46 _(N). Theoptical transmitter 42 may be configured to transmit data to some of theoptical propagating modes of the MMF spans 46 ₁-46 _(N) via one or moreoptical wavelength channels. For that reason, the optical transmitter 42may also include wavelength multiplexers, e.g., coupled to the inputs ofthe optical mode-multiplexer. Thus, on individual optical propagatingmodes of the MMF spans 46 ₁-46 _(N), the optical transmitter 42 may beconfigured to transmit data over one or more wavelength channels.Indeed, the optical transmitter 42 may be able to transmit separatedoptical data streams to a plurality of optical propagating modes and aplurality of wavelength channels therein.

The optical receiver 44 receives a plurality of the data-modulatedoptical carriers from the second end of the sequence of MMF spans 46₁-46 _(N). In some embodiments, the optical receiver 44 may include anoptical mode-demultiplexer that can separate the data-modulated opticalcarriers carried by different ones of the optical propagating modes ofthe MMF spans 46 ₁-46 _(N). The optical receiver 44 may be configured toreceive data from one or more optical wavelength channels of some of theoptical propagating modes of the MMF spans 46 ₁-46 _(N). That is, fromindividual optical propagating modes of the MMF spans 46 ₁-46 _(N), theoptical receiver 44 may be configured to receive data from one or morewavelength channels. Indeed, the optical receiver 44 may be able toreceive optical data streams from a plurality of optical propagatingmodes and a plurality of wavelength channels.

In some embodiments, the optical transmitter 42 and/or optical receiver44 may be optical components, which are configured to perform otheroptical network functions. For example, one or both of the opticaltransmitter 42 and the optical receiver 44 may be an optical add-dropmultiplexer or an optical cross-connect of an optical fiber network. Insuch embodiments, the optical transmitter 42 and receiver 44 maytransmit and receive, respectively, optical data streams via multipleoptical propagating modes of the optical link, which is formed by thesequence of MMF spans 46 ₁-46 _(N). In such embodiments, the opticalcommunication system 40 may be part of a larger WDM optical network,e.g., an optical network having a complex topology, e.g., a mesh networkhaving some node(s) connecting directly ends of three or more MMF spans(not shown).

In other embodiments, one or both of the optical transmitter 42 and theoptical receiver 44 may communicate over the sequence of MMF spans 46₁-46 _(N) or a sub-sequence thereof by a more limited number of opticalpropagating mode(s) and/or wavelength channel(s) of the sequence orsub-sequence. In such embodiments, the optical transmitter 42 and/or theoptical receiver 44 may perform the modulation and/or demodulation ofdata between electrical data stream(s) and optical data-modulatedcarrier(s). In such embodiments, the optical transmitter 42 and/or theoptical receiver 44 may include conventional data modulator(s),wavelength multiplexer(s) and/or demultiplexer(s), and/or opticalmode-multiplexer(s) and/or demultiplexer(s).

The sequence of MMF spans 46 ₁-46 _(N) or a subsequence thereof forms aWDM optical link that supports multiple optical propagating modes and/orwavelength channels. Some or all of the MMF spans 46 ₁-46 _(N) mayinclude, e.g., an MMF as illustrated by FIG. 3, e.g., an MMF as in FIG.1, 2B, and/or 2C. Adjacent pairs of some or all of the MMF span 46 ₁-46_(N) may be optically end-connected via a differential group delaycompensator (DGDC) 48 ₁, 48 ₂, . . . , 48 _(N-1). Each DGDC 48 ₁-48_(N-1) partially or completely compensates the relative time delaysproduced between data symbols that are transmitted via different opticalpropagating modes over one of the MMF spans 46 ₁-46 _(N), e.g., one orboth of the MMF 46 ₁-46 _(N) spans neighboring and directly connected tothe same DGDC 48 ₁-48 _(N-1). In alternate embodiments, the DGDCs 48₁-48 _(N-1) may be configured to partially or completely pre-compensatefor differential inter-mode group velocity delay that will be generatedby carrying data in the next MMF span 46 ₁-46 _(N) and/or to partiallyor completely post-compensating for inter-mode group velocity delay thatwas generated in the previous MMF span 46 ₁-46 _(N) directlyend-connected thereto.

In some embodiments, the DGDCs 48 ₁-48 _(N-1) may optionally provideoptical amplification and/or optical dispersion compensation.

FIG. 5 illustrates one embodiment 48 of a DGDC, e.g., useable as any ofthe DGDCs 48 ₁-48 _(N-1) of FIG. 4. The DGDC 48 includes a 1×Moptical-propagating-mode demultiplexer 50, an M×1optical-propagating-mode multiplexer 52, and an array of M opticalwaveguides OW₁, . . . , OW_(M). The optical input of the 1×Moptical-propagating-mode demultiplexer 50 may connect to an adjacentoutput end of an input MMF, e.g., one of MMF spans 46 ₁-46 _(N) of FIG.4. The optical output of the M×1 optical-propagating-mode multiplexer 52may connect to an adjacent input end of an output MMF, e.g., thesequentially next MMF span 46 ₁-46 _(N) of FIG. 4. Each opticalwaveguide OW₁ -OW_(M) end-connects one of the optical outputs of the 1×Moptical-propagating-mode demultiplexer 50 to a corresponding one of theoptical inputs of the M×1 optical-propagating-mode multiplexer 52.

In the DGDC 48, individual ones of the M optical waveguides OW₁-OW_(M)may be optical fibers or optical waveguides, e.g., single-mode opticalfibers or waveguides. The individual optical waveguides OW₁-OW_(M)typically have different optical path lengths, and the optical pathlengths of the optical waveguides OW₁-OW_(M) may be configured to fullyor partially compensate relative delays produced by transmitting datastreams via different ones of the optical propagating modes in theconnected MMF span(s). As an example, if the K-th optical propagatingmode has a larger group velocity than the J-th optical propagating modein the MMF(s), the optical waveguides OW_(K) for the K-th mode wouldtypically be longer than the optical waveguides OW_(J) for the J-thmode. In such an example, the difference in optical path lengths of theJ-th and K-th optical waveguides OW_(J) and OW_(K) may be configured,e.g., to approximately post-compensate or pre-compensate for relativedelay(s) between light data streams carried by the respective J-th andK-th optical propagating modes, wherein the relative delay(s) is due topropagation through a MMF physically connected to the respective inputor output of the DGDC 48.

In various embodiments, the optical propagating-mode-multiplexer 50 andoptical propagating-mode-demultiplexer 52 may have a conventional formor may have another form. Examples of suitable constructions for theoptical propagating-mode-multiplexer 50 and the opticalpropagating-mode-demultiplexer 52 may be described in one or more ofU.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/200072, filed Sep. 16, 2011 byRoland Ryf et al; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/827284, filed Jun.30, 2010 by Roland Ryf et al; U.S. patent application Ser. No.12/492391, filed Jun. 26, 2009 by Roland Ryf et al; U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 12/986468, filed Jan. 7, 2011 by Roland Ryf et al;and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/827641, filed Jun. 30, 2010 byRoland Ryf et al. All of the above patent applications are incorporatedherein by reference in their entirety.

FIG. 6 schematically illustrates one example of a method 60 foroperating part of a WDM optical communication system that uses multimodeoptical transmission fibers, e.g., a segment of the system 40 of FIG. 4.

For each optical wavelength channel of a sequence, the method 60includes optical mode-multiplexing light of Q separate data-modulatedoptical carriers onto a preselected set of Q corresponding opticalpropagating modes of a MMF and/or optical mode-demultiplexing light fromthe Q modes to the corresponding separate data-modulated opticalcarriers (step 62). Here, the integer Q is greater than or equal to 2,and the preselected set of Q optical propagating modes are relativelyorthogonal. The optical mode-multiplexing or optical mode-demultiplexingmay be performed approximately with respect to the Q optical propagatingmodes. Such optical mode-multiplexing may be performed, e.g., near aninput end of the sequence of MMF spans 46 ₁-46 _(N), i.e., by theoptical transmitter 42 of FIG. 4. Such optical mode-demultiplexing maybe performed, e.g., near an output end of the sequence of MMF spans 46₁-46 _(N), i.e., by the optical receiver 44 of FIG. 4.

Over the sequence of optical wavelength channels, e.g., a WDM sequence,the group velocity of each optical propagating mode of the preselectedset traces out a corresponding spectral curve that typically variesmonotonic with wavelength. Each of the spectral curves corresponds to amode-band of the group velocities.

Different ones of the mode-bands do not overlap and are separated bynonzero gaps over a preselected wavelength interval, e.g., asillustrated in FIG. 3. The preselected wavelength interval hasboundaries defined by the largest and lowest center wavelengths of thewavelength channels of the sequence. The preselected wavelength intervalincludes, e.g., ½ or one of the optical telecommunications C, L, and Sbands. The preselected wavelength interval typically includes, e.g.,approximately one of the optical telecommunications C, L, and S bands.The preselected wavelength interval may include the opticaltelecommunications C and L bands or the optical telecommunications Cband and S bands, or may include the optical telecommunications C, L,and S bands.

In the preselected wavelength interval, each mode has a group velocitywhose limit values define the boundaries of the mode-band. Themode-bands are separated by nonzero gaps, which may be relatively small,e.g., as previously described. For example, each groupvelocity-neighboring pair of the mode-bands may be separated by a gap ofless than about 100 meters per pico-second. Since each such gap isnonzero, the N different optical propagating modes will typically havedifferent group velocities over the entire wavelength intervalpreselected for WDM optical communications.

The method 60 may also include propagating the light of the step 62through the length of the MMF (step 64). Here, the length of the MMF mayinclude one or more of the N MMF spans 46 ₁-46 _(N).

Optionally, the method 60 may include optically compensating the lightto remove differential mode delay produced by propagation through thelength of the MMF via the Q different optical propagating modes (step66). The differential mode delay results from the different velocitiesof the Q optical propagating modes in the MMF. Such differential groupdelay may be partially or completely removed, e.g., by processing thelight in one or more of the DGDCs 48 ₁-48 _(N-1) of FIG. 4 (step 64).Such compensating may involve post-compensating or pre-compensating forthe differential mode delay, e.g., to remove the differential mode delaycaused by propagation in one or more of the MMF spans 46 ₁-46 _(N) ofFIG. 4.

Optionally, the method 60 may involve performing opticalmode-multiplexing of WDM light, as described in the step 62; propagatingthe mode-multiplexed WDM light through the MMF, as described in the step64; optical compensating differential mode delay produced in said WDMlight in the MMF, as described in the step 66, and performing opticalmode-demultiplexing of the WDM light, as described in the step 62.

The method 60 may be performed with various variations to produce amultimode optical fiber based WDM optical communication system in whichdifferent channels, which are defined by an optical center wavelengthand a propagating optical mode, have different group velocities in themultimode optical fiber or sequence of optical transmission spansthereof.

The inventions are intended to include other embodiments that would beobvious to one of skill in the art in light of the description, figures,and claims.

1-13. (canceled)
 14. An apparatus, comprising: a series of spans ofmultimode optical fiber; a plurality of differential group delaycompensators, each compensator end-connecting adjacent ends of acorresponding pair of the spans of multimode optical fiber such that thespans and the compensators form a segment of a multimode optical link;and wherein each differential group delay compensator is configured tocompensate for relative temporal delays caused by carrying data ondifferent ones of the optical propagating modes of one of the spans ofmultimode optical fibers of the pair corresponding to the eachdifferential group delay compensator.
 15. The apparatus of claim 14,wherein each span of multimode optical fiber is such that each opticalpropagating mode of a plurality therein has a group velocity whose valuevaries over a corresponding range for light in one of the opticaltelecommunications C-band, L-band, and S-band, the ranges of differentones of the modes of the plurality being non-overlapping, and groupvelocity-adjacent ones of the ranges being separated by a nonzero gap,some of the gaps being less than about 10,000 meters per second.
 16. Theapparatus of claim 14, wherein one of the differential group delaycompensators comprises: a 1×M optical demultiplexer for opticalpropagating modes of a multimode optical fiber; a M×1 optical modemultiplexer for optical propagating modes of a multimode optical fiber;and M optical waveguides, each of the M optical waveguides opticallyconnecting one of the optical outputs of the 1×M optical modedemultiplexer to a corresponding one of the optical inputs of the M×1optical mode multiplexer.
 17. The apparatus of claim 16, whereindifferent ones of the optical waveguides have different optical pathlengths.
 18. A method, comprises: for each wavelength channel of asequence, mode-multiplexing light of N separate data-modulated opticalcarriers into N corresponding optical propagating modes of a multi-modeoptical fiber or mode-demultiplexing light from the N modes to Ncorresponding separate data-modulated optical carriers; and whereinlargest and smallest center wavelengths of the wavelength channels ofthe sequence define an interval spanning at least, one of the opticaltelecommunications C-band, the optical telecommunications L-band, andthe optical telecommunications S-band; wherein each mode has a groupvelocity whose limit values over the interval define a mode-band; andwherein group velocity-neighboring pairs of the mode-bands arenon-overlapping and separated by a nonzero gap of less than about 10,000meters per second.
 19. The method of claim 18, further comprising:optically compensating the light to remove differential mode delayproduced by propagating of the light through the multi-mode opticalfiber.
 20. The method of claims 18, wherein the interval spans, atleast, the optical telecommunications C and L bands or spans, at least,the optical telecommunications C and S bands.